The Compartment Syndrome Associated with Deep Vein Thrombosis due to Rattlesnake Bite: A Case Report

BACKGROUND Snakebite is a health issue specific to some parts of the world, especially in the tropical areas, where it produces many victims. The main clinical damage caused by snakebite involves haemotoxic, neurotoxic and myotoxic reactions. We report the case of a young woman suffering from snakebite who developed deep vein thrombosis and compartment syndrome. CASE REPORT We present the case of a 32-year-old Romanian woman who was injured by her own Crotalinae snake (also known as pit viper or rattlesnake) on her left forearm. When admitted to our Emergency Department, she was conscious with a Glasgow coma scale of 12/15, somnolent, febrile, suffering of headache, tachypnoea; the marks of the snakebite were located in the distal part of the anterior left forearm; she had pain and bleeding at the bite site and swelling of the left upper limb with lymphangitis up to the axilla. She experienced fasciotomy-requiring compartment syndrome of the upper limb and required unfractionated heparin and close monitoring using activated partial thromboplastin time evolution due to micro-thrombosis in the brachial vein. Local improvement was achieved in the next 4 days with progressive diminishment of local tenderness and swelling. CONCLUSION Limb deep vein thrombosis might be induced by snakebite, despite the pro-haemorrhagic general condition induced by the envenomation. A high index of clinical suspicion is needed for early diagnosis and timely management, which can improve survival of these patients.